2007年雅思听力考试题目大全
日期 Version S1 S2 S3 S4
1月6日★ 30066 X X X 30083
1月13日★  X X 30037 40112
1月20日 07119 05106 30061 06134 33
2月3日★ 07121 30074 06110 30036 30040
2月10日★     
3月3日★     
3月10日★     
3月31日     
4月14日★     
4月21日★     
4月28日     
5月12日★     
5月19日★     
6月2日     
6月9日★     
6月16日★     
7月7日★     
7月14日★     
7月21日     
8月11日★     
8月18日★     
8月25日     
9月1日     
9月8日★     
9月22日★     
10月13日★     
10月20日★     
11月3日★     
11月17日★     
11月24日     
12月1日     
12月8日★     
12月15日     
注：汉字概述内容是新题，并已经收入讲义，X表示最新题，尚未收入讲义。加★的日期表示成都有考试。

2006年雅思听力考试题目大全
日期 Version S1 S2 S3 S4
1月7日★ 30074 申请驾照 V66 学生选课 脂肪
1月14日★ 30085 66 旅游 背景音乐 英国某地
1月21日 不详 30036 50233 34 50233
2月11日 06121 邻居噪音 50147 40110 20023
2月18日 3007x 预定餐厅 66 鲸鱼 自行车
2月25日★ 不详 40106 50131 30042 41
3月11日★ 06125 38 红松鼠 30019 27
3月18日★ 06126 30033 30038 30037 30034
3月25日 30080 丢包 冰球 鲸鱼 66
4月8日 30078 咨询旅馆 学生会 30076 充电电池
4月22日 06130 30 40103 30058 50134
4月29日★ 30086 兼职工作 某中心 自由职业 上网成瘾
5月13日★ 不详 驾驶保险 红松鼠 40110 69
5月20日 06134 咨询医生 41 换专业 41
5月27日 06136 30034 29 毕业论文 30060
6月10日★ 30083 二手家具 作家故居 环境检测 味精
6月17日★ 06138 电话购物 戏剧情节 70 67
6月24日 不详 40101 40110 23 50121
7月8日★ 06141 挑选客房 自办公园 会议接待 35
7月22日★ 06142 30049 小岛旅游 40101 50233
7月29日 06144 垃圾回收 餐厅会员 讲座安排 30033
8月5日★ 不详 30061 50233 30044 30061
8月12日★ 06146 音像商店 30044 30060 30033
8月26日 06148 40102 30020 30039 郊区
9月2日★ 06101 30072 X 22 30061
9月16日 06102 33 37 30076 英法隧道
9月23日★ 不详 60138 50126 30032 27
10月14日★ 不详 26 30019 41 30034
10月21日 50106 餐厅应聘 30044 39 35
10月28日 06108 39 X X 41
11月4日★ 不详 26 不详 30032 30072
11月18日 06110 不详 不详 34 30042
11月25日 06111 30033 71 50147 不详
12月2日 不详 70 X 27 X
12月9日★ 06114 27 会场布置 26 30060
12月16日★ 30090 30078 X X X
注：汉字概述内容是新题，并已经收入讲义，X表示最新题，尚未收入讲义。加★的日期表示成都有考试。

 

 

考位查询

第一步. 请选择您想考试的月份:

2007

三月

第二步. 请选择您愿意去考的省份:
华北
北京	河北	山西	天津
华东
安徽	福建	江苏	江西
山东	上海	浙江
华南
广东	广西	贵州	海南
华中
河南	湖北	湖南
东北
黑龙江	吉林	辽宁
西北
甘肃	内蒙古	宁夏	青海
陕西	新疆
西南
重庆	四川	西藏	云南

2月6日开始，托福网上报名网站中已经出现了4、5、6月的选择框，但是目前（2月7日21:25）仍然没有开通报名。如果选择考试地点后，会显示：

No site and admin combination for this search.

但是，根据过去经验，报名的正式开通应该就在最近2-3天内。请计划在六月前考试的同学最近几天密切关注。

现在需要做的：

1. 赶快登陆http://toefl.etest.net.cn/网站，并注册NEEA ID；

2. 把NEEA ID和密码发送到自己最常使用的邮箱，以防忘记；

3. 尽快把1370元通过指定方法汇到该网站，具体方法见“付款说明”；

4. 报名正式开通后，迅速选择合适的时间和考点。

Useful templates for iBT TOFEL integrated task

For challenging-type

 

1.        The lecturer mentions a research conducted by an American scientist concerning the link between global warming and the increase of sea level (how global warming affects the increase of sea level).

2.        He says that the theory stated in the reading passage is totally different when comparing with what happened for real.

3.        The lecturer refutes the reading passage without reservation.

4.        The lecturer refutes three arguments stated in the reading passage without reservation concerning the link between global warming and the increase of the sea level.

5.        The lecturer refutes three standpoints stated in the reading passage concerning the link between human activities and animal extinction by presenting scientific evidences.

6.        The lecturer provides opposite opinion against what the reading indicates.

7.        The lecturer demonstrates opposite opinion against what the reading passage indicates orally concerning the beneficial properties of earthworm.

8.        This is a point where the listening passage casts doubt on what the reading passage indicates.

9.        This is another point where the lecturer challenges what the reading passage indicates.

10.    This is the third point where the lecturer poses negative viewpoints against what reading passage indicates.

11.    This is one point where the reality as described by the lecturer contradicts several theoretical statements in the reading passage.

12.    The lecturer challenges fixed views on the beneficial properties of earworm.

13.    The lecturer challenges conventional views on the beneficial properties of earworm.

14.    The lecturer confronts the existing views on the beneficial properties of earthworm.

Delta Test 1, P 472, TS-P667

(255 words)

 

The lecture provides some similar information on traveling as indicated in the reading passage, at the same time, he presents some different viewpoints.

 

Firstly, the speaker narrates (describe / recite / recount / relate / report / review / tell) that the purposes of traveling in ancient times were mainly for political and economic reasons, to be exactly, conquest and colonization. This is one point where the listening material echoes the reading. Besides, the article states three other major reasons for people to travel, namely, searching for resources, religious pilgrimages and long-distance trade. Then the article demonstrates some evidences to enrich the topic: in recent centuries, when traveling, people usually aim at cultural, educational and scientific purposes.

 

Secondly, both the listening and reading illustrate that adventure is another motivation of traveling. Interestingly, both classify the “big hunting game” done by Ernest Hemingway under the category of adventure. This is obviously another resemblance presented in this set of materials. (This is another similarity presented in the reading and listening.)

 

Ironically, the lecturer holds a different (assorted / contrary / dissimilar / distinct / opposite / reverse / unlike / varied) opinion concerning Hemingway’s way to travel. The reading considers him as a “travel hero”, while the male speaker recites that Hemingway’s way is neither practical nor fashionable. According to the lecturer, the modern traveling purposes are for pleasure, recreation and personal growth. To further clarify, he displays (demonstrate / exhibit / illustrate) two new popular ways to travel: ethnic tourism and environmental tourism. In these activities, tourists only do observing and photographing rather than killing animals, like what Hemingway did. This point is the explicit parting (divergence) presented in this set of materials.

四川大学
2007年1月13日 07:30
2007年1月14日 07:30
2007年1月19日 16:30
2007年1月27日 07:30
2007年2月3日 07:30
2007年3月3日 10:30
2007年3月4日 07:30
2007年3月10日 16:30
2007年3月23日 16:30

 

请抓紧时间报名！

最漫长的一个下午：紧急提醒BEC学员！

 

11月25日参加了BEC高级考试。

 

上午8点就到达了考场，8.30进场，9.00开考。但是8.30到达考场就可以了。

 

BEC高级的听力和写作部分比中级难些，阅读感觉差别不大。

 

最郁闷的是下午。2点开考，我是最后一个进候考室的，因为去年考中级时也是最后一个，但第一个被叫去考试。今天发现考试顺序是按照进入候考室顺序进行的。结果轮到我考试已经6点了。整整4个小时百无聊赖的等候!!!!!!

 

隆重建议考口语时早进入候考室，这样结束也早。当然你如果想晚点考除外。晚去的好处是可以跟partner聊天，相互了解。

第一题：忘了

 

第二题：一个女学生到宿舍管理员（黑色男人）处投诉，她跟原来室友处得好，但是在重新调整宿舍时却被分在两个

 

第三题：忘了

 

第四题：花的化石

 

第六题：美国最早的定居点

一般认为Jamestown和Plymouth，后来发现Popham波凡姆也是一个。

 

背景知识：

 

Popham Colony

 

The site of the 1607 Popham Colony in present-day Maine is shown by "Po" on the map. The Jamestown Settlement is shown by "J"

The Popham Colony was a short-lived English colonial settlement in North America that was founded in 1607 and located in the present-day town of Phippsburg, Maine near the mouth of the Kennebec River. It was founded in the same year as its more successful rival, the Jamestown Settlement and was the first English colony in the region that would eventually become known as New England. The colony was abandoned after only one year and the exact site of the colony was lost until its rediscovery in 1994.

 

Founding

Popham was a project of the Plymouth Company. Plymouth Company was one of two competing parts of the Virginia Company that James I chartered in 1606 in order to settle "Virginia"; at the time the name applied to the entire northeast coast of North America from Spanish Florida to New France in the modern-day Canada. At the time that area was technically under the claim of Spanish crown but not occupied.

The Plymouth Company was granted a royal charter and the rights to the coast between 38° to 45° N, whereas the rival London Company was granted the coast between 34° and 41°N. The overlapping area between 38° and 41° was to go to the first company that would prove "strong enough" to colonize it.

[edit]

Colonists

First Plymouth Company ship, Richard, sailed in August 1606 but the Spanish intercepted and captured it near Florida in November. The next attempt was more successful; About 120 colonists left Plymouth on May 31, 1607 in two ships. They intended to trade precious metals, spices, furs and show that the local forests could be used to build English ships.

Colony leader, George Popham sailed in the Gift of God and second-in-command Ralegh Gilbert in the Mary and John. Captain of the latter ship, Robert Davies, kept a diary that is one of the main contemporary sources of the information about the Popham colony.

George Popham was the nephew of one of the financial backers of the colony, Sir John Popham, the Lord Chief Justice of England, while Gilbert was the half nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh. Other financiers included Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the military governor of Plymouth; much of the information about the events in the colony comes from his letters and memoirs. Settlers included nine council members and 6 other gentlemen when the rest were soldiers, artisans, farmers and traders.

The Gift of God arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec (then called the Sagadahoc River) on August 13 and Mary and John three days later. The Popham Colony was settled on headland of area named Sabino. Quickly the colonists began construction of large star-shaped Fort St. George. Fort St. George included ditches and ramparts and contained nine cannons that ranged in size from demi-culverin to falcon.

 

Hunt's map

On October 8, 1607, colonist John Hunt drew a map of the colony showing 18 buildings including the admiral's house, a chapel, a storehouse, a cooperage and a guardhouse. Hunt was listed in the colony register as "draughtsman". It is not known if all the buildings were completed at the time. Hunt's map was discovered in 1888 in the Spanish national archives. A spy had sold it to a Spanish ambassador who had sent it to Spain. It might be a copy of now-lost map, and is the only known plan of the original layout of any early English colony.

 

Troubles begin

Popham and Gilbert sent survey expeditions up the river and contacted the Abenaki tribe. In a letter to the King, Popham wrote that the natives had told them that the area was full of easily exploitable resources. However, the colony failed to establish cooperation with the tribe; they were suspicious because earlier expeditions had captured natives to show at home.

Late summer arrival meant that there was no time to farm for food. Half of the colonists returned to Great Britain in December 1607, aboard the Gift of God. Others faced a cold winter during which the Kennebec River froze. Fire destroyed at least the storehouse and its provisions. Later excavation has hinted that there might have been other fires.

Colonist divided to two factions, one supporting George Popham and the other Ralegh Gilbert. George Popham died in February 5, 1608, possibly the only colonist to die - a contrast to Jamestown which lost half its population that year. Ralegh Gilbert became "colony president" on February 5, 1608 at age 25.

The colonists completed one major project; the building of a 30-ton ship, a pinnace they named Virginia, the first ship built in America by Europeans. It was meant to show that the colony could be used for shipbuilding. They also finally managed to trade with Abenaki for furs and gather a cargo of sarsaparilla.

When a supply ship came in 1608, it brought a message that Sir John Popham had died. Gilbert sent the Mary and John to England with cargo. When the ship returned later in the summer, it brought news that Gilbert's elder brother John had died. Gilbert was therefore an heir to a title and estate of Compton Castle in Devon. He decided to return to England. The 45 remaining colonists also left, sailing home in the Mary and John and Virginia. (The Virginia would make at least one more Atlantic crossing, going to Jamestown the next year.)

The colony had lasted almost exactly one year. Later colonists in the area, building on the experience of the original colonists, settled further up the Kennebec river, at the site of the present day Bath, where the winter storms and tides were not as severe.

 

Later developments

 

Fort Popham and the Kennebec River

French colonist Jean de Biencourt visited the abandoned site in 1611. In 1624, Samuel Maverick of the Massachusetts Bay Colony also visited the site and reported that it was "over-grown".

During the American Civil War, Union army built a Fort Popham in the area. Afterwards some farmers moved to the area and it became farmland until 1905. Then US Army built up the area of Fort St. George to supply Fort Baldwin. The state of Maine bought the area in 1924 and Fort Baldwin was reactivated during the World War Two.

Today much of the area that made up the Popham Colony is part of Popham Beach State Park, a popular beach and recreation area.

 

Modern excavations

First excavations of the area in the 1960's were unsuccessful. In 1994 Jeffrey Brain of the Peabody Essex Museum discovered the site of the colony using the Hunt's map as a guide. He begun larger excavation in 1997 and later uncovered the Admiral's house, the storehouse and a liquor storage building. He also proved that Hunt's map was very accurate. Parts of the fort, probably including the chapel and graveyard, lie on private property not open for digging and the Fort's southern portion is under a public road. The excavation was concluded in 2005.

 

Sources and further reading

Richard L. Pflederer - Before New England: The Popham Colony (History Today January 2005)

Tom Gidwitz - The Little Colony That Couldn't (Archaeology magazine March/April 2006)

Task 1

 

阅读文章批评美国政府对新药上市前的drug testing太过复杂和冗长了，常常耗费数月，数年甚至更长，对患者来讲不好，要增加支出，甚至有些人临死前都等不到药。主要批评理由有两个，第一个是delay，即花费时间太长；第二个是costly。最后一段给出了一个解决方案，叫MedWatch的方法。

听力文章对阅读文章进行了驳斥。关于花在新药测试的时间，讲话者认为患者的生命安全最重要，并举了一个例子：某种新药上市前仅做了成年人的药物实验，但是上市后却又销售给儿童，结果导致不良药物反映。关于新药测试的花费高，讲话者认为如果药物不经过严格测试上市，而之后发生副作用side effect，那么用来处理这种破事的费用更高；此外还提到了新药测试本身就是valuable research，值得花钱投入。对于MedWatch，讲话者也没有好的评价，因为MedWatch是先上市，然后在使用中收集数据，这样有点不负责，而传统的办法是先收集数据再上市，比较好。

 

 

Task 2

 

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.

For someone who wants to be successful in the society, knowledge gained from study is more important than the ability of being creative.

 

本人的考试作文（考后回忆版，不完整）：

 

The real world is dazzling and various, yet institutionalized.  To survive in such a world, one has to follow the traditions. I agree with the idea that the knowledge acquired from study and experience is superior to creativity.

 

In some artistic areas like painting, music and design, practitioners should be creative.  Unfortunately, most of plane people are involved in less challenging sector.  Too much different ideas may be improper or even dangerous in many traditional and serious companies.  No one would expect “creative” procedures from a staff from a highly-standardized company like KPMG, a globally well-known accounting company.

 

第二个要点忘了

 

Creative ideas can only be brought into reality with knowledge.  For example, iPod is a great blue print initially.  But it would stop at it without textbook knowledge, handiwork and even advancing memory chip technology.  Therefore, knowledge gained from experience is of great importance.  Not to mention the successful marking ideas of iPod.

 

To sum up, a combination of knowledge and creativity will enable us to share the fruit of science.

第一题：人生中有许多goals，描述一个你的goal，并解释理由。

 

第二题：你愿意选择Big class还是Small class，并解释理由

 

第三题：学校把新生Orientation调整了一下，由以前的2 days hiking and camping改为1day hiking或group activity。男的赞成，因为more choice for students，而且不占用全部周末，还有一天可以安排自己的活动。女的几乎没有说什么有价值的话。简述对话的主要内容并阐述你的观点和理由。

 

第四题：人的response to emergency depends on how many observers there are. More, observers bring about less self responsibility。

 

第五题：忘记了。

 

第六题：climate change对动物的影响。在澳大利亚，古生物学家paleontologist发现a large number of 'thunder birds', or in the one spot。数量有35000只thunder bird的化石。

 

背景知识：

 

Dr Judith Field, of the University of Sydney says, "It can be argued that climate change might have driven vegetation change, periodic drought, and increased seasonality. (The climate) weaves backwards and forwards - it might just need one more extended drought and bang, the megafauna are knocked off."

 

The find of mass fossils at Alcoota, Northern Territory may support the theory that megafauna became extinct due to climatic change.

 

Dr Peter Murray, from the Museum of Central Australia, and a team of researchers have been excavating fossils in a remote part of the Northern Territory, called Alcoota, for the past 12 years. Recently they made a rare scientific find - a large number of 'thunder birds', or Ilbandornis, in the one spot.

 

Thunder birds belong to the family Dromornithidae, the largest of which was about three metres tall, weighed about 500 kilograms, and has been nicknamed the 'giant demon duck of doom'.

 

There are two theories for the grouping of the bird fossils at Alcoota. It may be that the water in the environment sorted the bones into similarly-sized accumulations, or that the birds may have been flocked together around a water hole during a drought.

 

"Animals tend to gravitate towards the last few remaining water holes during a drought. When you get many animals congregating around one water hole, they eat all the food. Ultimately, if the drought doesn't break, they die of starvation," says Dr Murray.

 

Alcoota

 

The open scrub at Alcoota, north-west of Alice Springs, is almost dry enough to qualify as a desert. The mostly flat landscape dotted with low, flat-topped hills echoes closely what the environment might have been like here 8 million years ago.

 

The middle Miocene was a time of great change across Australia. As the continent drifted north into hotter latitudes, the continent began to dry out. The rainforests seen at Riversleigh gave way to more open woodland. This opening of the landscape allowed animals to grow to larger sizes and animals that preferred to browse close to the ground were favoured over the tree-dwelling fruit-eaters of earlier times.

 

But, along with the change of climate and landscape came an uncertainty of conditions. Australia began to experience occasional droughts.

 

As the water dried up, animals became tethered to dwindling pools and lakes. They soon ate out all the vegetation within reach of the isolated watering holes but choose to stay where there was water. Crammed together around the ever decreasing shorelines, the animals died of starvation, their bodies collecting in dense concentrations that today form the spectacular bone-beds of Alcoota.

 

The most common marsupial from Alcoota is the sheep-sized Kolopsis. This four-legged herbivore has no living descendants but is most closely related to wombats and koalas. Judging from the number found at Alcoota, Kolopsis lived in large herds of dozens of animals.

 

A rarer marsupial is the larger Palorchestes. The size of a small horse, this powerful herbivore probably lived in small groups, couples or even as solitary beasts.

 

The main marsupial predator at Alcoota was the ancient marsupial wolf, Thylacinus. Closely related to the modern Tasmanian Wolf, the Alcoota Thylacinus was around 15 per cent larger than its recently extinct relative.

But this mammalian carnivore would have lived in fear of two other denizens of the ancient lake. Dromornis was a huge, flightless bird. Think of an emu that weights 400 kilograms and stands over three metres tall and you have some idea of what Dromornis looked like. And to add a pinch of terror, this fearsome bird was a hunter armed with a beak that could rip open any of the animals it came across.

 

While Dromornis ruled the land, the water was the kingdom of the clever-headed crocodile Baru. Growing up to four metres or more in length, this monster had a powerfully built head lined with fearsome teeth that could hack out chunks of flesh from its still-living victims.

背景知识：

 

美国科学家发现虹鳉鱼在逆境中更加长寿

根据经典进化理论，生存危险较大，存活率低的动物，寿命也相对较短。不过科学家最近发现，一种名为虹鳉鱼的生物打破了这种认识，它们在危险环境中反而更加长寿。这表明进化对寿命的影响比之前所认为的更复杂。

 

美国加利福尼亚大学河边分校的进化生物学家戴维·雷兹尼克和他的小组在最新一期《自然》杂志上介绍说，他们研究了生活在特立尼达岛溪流里的虹鳉鱼，发现对这些小鱼而言，与天敌生活在同一水域中时老得更慢。

 

科学家介绍说，当地的溪流有许多瀑布从中隔断，有些虹鳉鱼与掠食它们的天敌生活在同一水域，而另有一些则生活在安全环境里。经研究发现，与生活在安全环境中的虹鳉鱼相比，那些与天敌生活在一起的虹鳉鱼活得更久，老得更慢，繁殖期也更长。这些都与经典理论恰恰相反。

 

研究同时发现，这些虹鳉鱼的其他特征与经典理论相符，如生活在危险环境中的鱼，成长时成熟得更快、生育后代数量更多、且游泳能力随年龄衰退的速度更慢等。

 

 

 

Richard Dawkins曾经提出过一个非常有名的理论，他认为生物都是一些“使用后可以被丢弃的生育机器”，生物生存的目标只是为了延续它们的物种，但是批评家们认为Richard Dawkins的理论是有意回避了遗传选择对物种生存的影响。其实Dawkins关于基因的理论是直接来自于经典的进化论，进化论认为，生命存在的意义是为了延续物种，而自然选择会对物种的各种特征产生影响，从而使得物种延续的成功率大大增加。但是我们会发现，很多动物生存的时间要超过它们生育的时间，生物学家们已经开始致力于对这些多余的时间进行研究，希望能从中发现一些进化的线索，从而能发现，这些多余的时间如果是有用的，那么自然选择在其中起着什么样的作用？

 

有一种理论认为，生物在生育能力已经衰退后仍然存活若干时间，这种现象可能是自然选择的结果，因为生育后期的雌性生物可能会为它们的后代或者亲戚能更好的生存而提供一些帮助，这种理论称这种现象为“祖母效应”。有一些生物物种，它们会生育大量的后代或者这种生物的群落非常大，为了能更好的抚养没有生存能力的后代，就非常需要那些生育后期的雌性生物来帮助它们做这些工作。虽然有许多哺乳动物，包括狮子和狒狒，需要在一个复杂的群落中抚养它们年幼的后代，但是许多研究并没有发现这些动物中存在这种祖母效应，而且大多数雌性动物的寿命只是刚刚满足它们抚养最后一个生育的子代。有一些非社会性的动物，它们需要生育大量的后代，但是这些后代并不需要雌性动物进行抚养，那么这些雌性动物的生育后期的时间，很大程度上需要依赖良好的营养，并且没有疾病和天敌的干扰。虽然一些历史记录和人口学研究结果提示，人类中可能也存在这种为了满足生存需要的祖母效应——因此一些生物学家也提出，这可能是人类中存在更年期这个特殊生理时期的原因，但是目前很少有实验研究证明，生育后期的寿命是自然选择进化的结果，并且可以从中找到自然选择的证据。

 

通过对虹鳉生育后期寿命多样性的研究提示，虹鳉生育后期寿命的存在是自然对这个物种的生育阶段进行选择的结果，是进化的结果。

 

在一项新的研究中，David Reznick，Michael Bryant和Donna Holmes对生活在特立尼达岛的虹鳉鱼在面对不同程度的天敌威胁时，其寿命变化的情况进行了深入的研究。生物个体在面临不同的死亡威胁时，为了种族的延续就会进化出不同的适应性，例如改变第一次生育的年龄，改变投入生育行为的力量，和改变生命衰老的方式，这包括生育的减少。由于虹鳉是一种卵胎生的鱼类，它们生育的子代不需要进行喂养，因此Reznick等人估计，他们发现的不同群落的虹鳉将在生育后期的寿命上没有大的差别。研究发现，尽管不同群落的虹鳉的寿命有很大的差别，但是这种差异主要来自于不同群落的虹鳉对生育时间的划分。而对应的，生育后期的寿命没有受到自然选择的影响，用研究者们的话说就是似乎“随机加到虹鳉最后的生命中”。无论是不是随机的，本研究是第一个对鱼类生育后期寿命进行研究的。

 

随后Reznick等人从特立尼达岛的山脉的两个地方的溪流中捕获了野生的虹鳉，(溪流中有的地方虹鳉的天敌比较多，经常得会捕食虹鳉，而在同一条溪流的不同地方，由于是在瀑布的上游，可以隔绝虹鳉的天敌)，研究者们在实验室中，对野生虹鳉群落生育第二代的行为进行了研究。来自天敌比较多的和来自天敌比较少的地方的虹鳉是来自同一条溪流，而且对这些虹鳉的喂食是人工模仿它们在自然界获得食物的可能性(在天敌比较少的地方生活的鱼类，与在天敌比较多的地方生活的鱼类相比吃得要更少，体重也要更轻)。雌鱼每周交配一次，直到它们怀上了后代，当这些雌鱼生育完成后再次交配(当这些雌鱼正处在交配的最佳时机的时候)。

 

研究者们对每个群落中的虹鳉进行了生长率、体质、生育间隙和产仔数的测量，并且将每个个体的生命划分为从出生到第一次生产的之间的阶段，生育阶段和生育后期寿命三个阶段。来自天敌比较多的地方的虹鳉与来自天敌比较少的地方的虹鳉相比，它们生产所需的时间更短；而且来自天敌比较多的地方的虹鳉整个生命中可以生育的时间更长，结束生育的时间更晚。为了对虹鳉生育后期寿命进行研究，Reznick等人希望能发现虹鳉从最后一次生育到其死亡之间的时间，是不是会显著的多于虹鳉两次生育后代之间的时间(由于不同虹鳉个体，其两次生育后代之间的时间间隔是不同的，因此研究者们按照阈值进行计算)。研究发现，有超过60%的虹鳉生育后期的寿命要超过其两次生育后代之间的时间间隔。虽然研究者们并没有发现一个特殊的群落会刻意的延长生育后期的寿命，或者某个虹鳉会在死亡前终止生育的行为，但是他们确实发现，随着虹鳉生育阶段时间的增加，这个群落的虹鳉生育后期寿命延长的可能性也会增加。因此，即使生育后期寿命对于虹鳉的适应性没有直接的影响，但是它与虹鳉生命中某个阶段是有关系的。

 

总而言之，这项研究第一次通过实验的方法向我们证实了，进化对于生物的寿命是有选择性作用的，并且这种选择的结果会影响到生物的适应性。这些发现还驳斥了关于鱼类没有或很少存在生育衰老的观点，这种观点的证据是鱼类在成年后会持续的产生鱼卵。关于生育后期寿命是不是自然选择的结果，从而让生物更好的适应环境这个问题还没有统一的观点。但是，本研究采用实验性的比较分析方法，通过对其他物种进行研究，然后用进化的观点对人类的情况进行分析，这种分析方法对于那些主要从事人类更年期产生的原因和人类长寿的研究的科学家来说是一个很好的范例。

 

 

Getting an Evolutionary Handle on Life after Reproduction

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040016

Published: December 27, 2005

Copyright: © 2005 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: (2006) Getting an Evolutionary Handle on Life after Reproduction. PLoS Biol 4(1): e16

When Richard Dawkins famously called organisms “throwaway survival machines” that exist solely to preserve the genes that made them, critics balked at the specter of genetic determinism. But Dawkins' selfish genes derive straight from classical evolutionary theory that says life exists to reproduce, and that natural selection should act on any traits that increase reproductive success. Since many animals live beyond their fertile years, biologists have searched for evolutionary clues to this extended lifespan. What role, if any, does natural selection play in the evolution of the postreproductive lifespan?

For natural selection to shape the twilight years, postreproductive females should contribute to the fitness of their offspring or relatives, a hypothesis called the “grandmother effect.” Such contributions require that organisms spawn helpless offspring or live in extended groups where postreproductive females help raise the young. Though many mammals, including lions and baboons, rear dependent young and operate within complex social groups, studies have found no evidence of a granny effect, and females mostly live just long enough to care for their last born. For nonsocial animals that spawn independent young, extended lifespan is associated with good nutrition and the absence of disease and predators. While historical records and demographic analyses offer support for an adaptive granny effect in humans—which some biologists have offered as a possible explanation for the existence of menopause—few studies have experimentally tested for signs of selection in the evolution of a postreproductive lifespan.

Analysis of the causes of variation in post-reproductive lifespan indicates that the evolution of lifespan in guppies is due to selection during their reproductive stage

In a new study, David Reznick, Michael Bryant, and Donna Holmes expand on their ongoing investigations of the life history of guppies confronting different predatory threats in Trinidad. Individuals facing different mortality threats should evolve different adaptations in their life histories, such as age at first reproduction, investment in reproduction, and patterns of senescence, including declines in reproduction. Since guppies are livebearers that provide no postnatal maternal care, Reznick et al. predicted the populations would show no differences in postreproductive lifespan—which is what they found. Though overall lifespan varied among the populations, these variations stemmed from differences in time allotted only to reproduction. Postreproductive lifespan, in contrast, showed no signs of being under selection, and appeared to be what the authors called a “random add-on at the end of the life history.” Random or not, this is the first demonstration of a postreproductive lifespan in fish.

Reznick et al. raised a second-generation laboratory brood of wild guppies taken from high- and low-predation streams at two locations in the mountains of Trinidad. (The high-predation sites harbor predators that frequently prey on guppies. Low-predation sites are found in the same streams, above waterfalls that exclude predators but not guppies.) A high- and low-predation site was sampled from each site, and feeding was manipulated to reflect food availability in the wild (fish in low-predation environments typically eat less and weigh less than fish in high-predation environments). Females were mated once a week until they produced offspring, and were mated again after each brood (when copulation is most likely).

The authors measured growth rate, body size, interbrood interval, and litters per lifetime for each population, and divided each individual's lifespan into age at first birth, reproductive phase, and postreproductive lifespan. Guppies from high-predation localities gave birth sooner than those from low-predation sites; they also reproduced over a longer period and were much older when they stopped reproducing. To estimate postreproductive lifespan, Reznick et al. determined whether the time between last birth and death significantly exceeded the time needed to spawn another litter (calculated as a threshold, since interbrood intervals varied for each individual). About 60% of individuals lived beyond the time they would have been expected to produce another brood. While the authors found no differences in the probability that any particular group would enjoy an extended postreproductive lifespan or that an individual would stop reproducing before dying, they did find that the probability of experiencing an extended postreproductive lifespan increased along with the length of reproductive lifespan. Thus, even though postreproductive lifespan has no direct effect on fitness, it is linked to a component of life history that does.

Altogether, these results provide the first experimental confirmation that evolution works selectively on those aspects of life history that directly affect fitness. These findings also refute the suggestion that fish may experience little or no reproductive senescence based on evidence that they continue to produce eggs as adults. It's an open question whether postreproductive lifespan can influence fitness enough to be under selection. But in a field dominated by investigations into the origins of human menopause and extended lifespan, the authors make a strong case for using experimental comparative analyses of other species to gain an evolutionary perspective on the human condition.

 

生于忧患

与经典理论预期的相反，虹鳉鱼在掠食者威胁下更长寿

根据经典进化理论，生存危险较大、存活率低的动物，会采取“活得快死得早”的策略。但一种称为虹鳉鱼的小鱼打破了这种认识，它们在危险环境里更长寿，这表明进化对寿命的影响比我们认为的更复杂。

 

一般说来，有掠食者在一旁虎视耽耽时，投入很多能量来追求长寿，是没有意义的事。相反，动物会尽量赶快发育成熟，早早完成繁衍后代的使命，然后衰老死掉。以往对野生动物和实验室动物的研究大都支持这种观点。

 

慢车道上的生活。与以往理论预期的不同，与天敌生活在同一水域的虹鳉鱼老得更慢

 

但美国科学家发现，生活在特立尼达岛溪流里的虹鳉鱼是个反例。这些溪流里遍布着瀑布，由于瀑布的隔断作用，有的虹鳉鱼与天敌生活在同一水域，而有的虹鳉鱼则生活在没有掠食者的安全环境里。

 

加利福尼亚大学河边分校的进化生物学家David Reznick和他的小组，研究了上述野生虹鳉鱼的实验室后代。结果发现，与生活在安全环境中的虹鳉鱼相比，那些与掠食者生活在一起的虹鳉鱼活得更久、老得更慢，繁殖期也更长。这都违背了经典理论。有关成果发表在10月28日的英国《自然》杂志上。

 

不过，这些虹鳉鱼的其它特征与经典理论相符，例如，生活在危险环境里的鱼，游泳能力随年龄衰退得更慢。它们成熟得也更快，生育后代的数量比安全环境里的虹鳉鱼更多。

 

Reznick说，前述意外发现显示，掠食者对物种的影响不仅仅是增加死亡率。例如，掠食者减少虹鳉鱼的数目，使剩下的虹鳉鱼有更多资源可利用，这可能有助于它们寿命延长。

第一篇：蝙蝠和寄生虫parasite

 

有一种寄生虫一直寄生在蝙蝠体表，并衍生出特殊的能力，能随蝙蝠飞行而不脱落。当这种小生物在蝙蝠长着稀疏的毛的翅膀上刺探血管时，它那长长的腿有助于在抖动的翅膀表面保持身体的稳定。

还有一种寄生虫喜欢栖息在母蝙蝠身上。

 

单词：

parasite寄生虫

final host 终宿主

bedbug 臭虫

roost 窝

flea 蚤

fly 蝇

host 宿主

tick 扁虱

pupae 蛹

 

背景知识：

 

Bat Parasites

Like other animals, bats are hosts to a number of internal and external parasites. Most of these parasites are specialized and cannot survive away from the bats, so they pose little threat to humans and other animals (Fenton 1992). A species of bedbug, which resembles the species that feeds on humans, lives on the bats and in their roosts. However, reports of these bedbugs biting humans or domestic animals are rare. Once a bat colony is evicted from a building, any parasites that remain behind may move around the attic (and possibly the house) in search of bats. Fortunately, these parasites usually die quickly when separated from the bats.

 

A homeowner can sprinkle diatomaceous earth in the roost area to eliminate any parasites that may remain after the bats are evicted. This organic powder, which is made from the fossils of single-celled organisms, is abrasive to the exoskeletons of insects. As an insect crawls over the powder, its protective cuticle is scratched, and the insect dies of dehydration. Diatomaceous earth is effective in killing a variety of other insects in addition to bat parasites.

 

 

第二篇：城市形成发展的历史，讲了农业灌溉、trade和protection，

 

 

第三篇：经济从农业到工业到后工业的发展，

 

 

第四篇：苏美尔Sumer民族的历史，Mesopotamian

 

 

原文说该文明在美索不达米亚南部比价发达，原题有一个选项是北部，最后一个选项是：底格里斯河（Tigris）和幼发拉底河（Euphrates）之间，应该是正确的。

 

背景知识：

 

美索不达米亚（Mesopotamia，希腊语的意思是两河之间的土地。）文明（又称两河文明）发源于底格里斯河（Tigris）和幼发拉底河（Euphrates）之间的流域──苏美尔（Sumer/ Sumerian）

 

 

第五篇：自然选择和物种进化，提到了虹鳉guppy和一种鸟的演变。关于虹鳉的信息发表在2004年10月28日英国的《自然》杂志上。

听力部分全是旧题，都在我的讲义中。

S1 = V30038 S1 
S2 = V30038 S2
S3 = V50101 S1
S4 = V66 S4 

 

最晕的是，S4就是那个著名的“木材要seasoned”！！！！！！！！！！！

 

2005年考试题目大全

日期 Version S1 S2 S3 S4
1月8日 不详 69 40103 71 30018
1月15日 30058 67 招聘 40112 图书馆
1月22日 40101 20023 67 70 40213
2月5日 50121 30015 30014 39 时间管理
2月19日 30060 办公地址 66 课程安排 沙漠鳄鱼
2月26日 50124 30020 31 40101 40
3月5日 30061 买家具 建游泳池 66 研究所
3月12日 50126 67 冬季活动 40112 70
3月19日 50127 30019 29 德语学习 20023
4月2日 30062 66 参观画廊 学生咨询 印刷厂
4月9日 05310 71 汽车俱乐部 40110 40112
4月16日 50131 70 运动城 23 40105
5月14日 05133 30 学校地图 30039 30040
5月21日 05134 69 34 30038 木星卫星
5月28日 30049 户外野营 游乐园 不飞的鸟 66
6月11日 30041 66 校园地图 66 蜜蜂进化
6月18日 05318 30015 40103 30033 30036
6月25日 50140 21 50131 30037 30033
7月9日 05141 30039 30044 34 30043
7月16日 50142 30032 40 66 66
7月23日 30072 搬往美国 66 学生与教授谈话 琥珀
8月6日 05145 30036 33 40101 30018
8月13日 30076 报名学画 66 昆虫书 松树研究
8月20日 05147 40106 信托 调查机构 30
9月3日 05101 电脑培训 38 50126 30042
9月10日 05102 30042 71 27 71
9月17日 05103 39 69 40110 30040
10月15日 50105 26 30019 41 30034
10月22日 50106 餐厅应聘 30044 39 35
10月29日 05108 30034 37 30058 30036
11月12日 05109 33 介绍工作 50127 40110S3
11月19日 50110 30037 50126 30037 30
11月26日 50112 30014 40 30036 墨尔本申奥
12月3日 50113 20023 29 30042 30043
12月10日 50114 40109 50147 37 29
12月17日 50116 30015 50133 30044 50121

 

动物类
Horse is able to recognize 【land marks】
Sheep can recognize faces of 【people】
What skill do people and birds have in common: 【good eyesight】
Rats have bad eyesight but good sense of:【smell】
A Red Kangaroo is larger than 【a person】
Crocodile can live at least for 【50 years】
平均【1hour】剪5只羊，最快的人【2 minutes】剪一只。
最大的鲸鱼是【blue whale】
方脑壳鲸鱼是抹香鲸 sperm whale
英国红松鼠减少是因为：【外来物种入侵】

健康类
夜班会导致人的【internal clock】（生物钟）发生disorder（紊乱）；生物钟产生的原因：【light and dark】；夜班对生理的影响：【heart and stomach】；夜班还会导致【unsocial hours】（没有社交时间），和心理上的【depression】，因而影响他们在工作中的【performance】此外还会影响【social matters】，然后也会影响【family lives】，导致离婚【divorce】；【peer group relationship】也是受到影响的社会关系之一。
大多数女人要比男人长寿，因为男性的【stress】比女性的要大；有40%的男性【drinking】，在美国，男性比女性平均短命6岁，世界范围内平均短【4岁】。男人为了长寿，应该注意饮食，不要喝太多的酒，应该多做一些【sensible exercises】（适量锻炼）、服用【antibiotics】（抗生素）、和治疗男性早秃的药物【DHT】。
关于insomnia(失眠)： People may have trouble to full sleep due to worries about exams or【job interview】。Causes: 【domestic】factors: too much noise,light,no privacy,etc.。Occupational factors: working irregular hours, too much 【traveling】, high level of stress, night shift。Solution: Illness and physical discomfort: may need painkillers or 【sleeping pill】、【relax】before go to bed。Watch diet, avoid cola, coffee, drink herb tea or 【fruit juice】、Meal before sleep may over-stimulate your nerve system (神经系统)。If chance permits, try a snap in 【the day / afternoon】、Take a 【warm bath】 after exercise、Avoid smoking, or cut down on 【number of cigarettes】in the evening

生活类
出国旅行。How many days for visa 【7 days】。旅行前要接受注射（injections），为了预防：【yellow fever】（黄热病）。预防疾病的措施：Tablets（药）和【mosquito net】（蚊帐）。Where to buy tablets：【chemist】。要带的衣物：【walking boots】
大使馆官员讲解注意事项。签证有效期【90days】；签证费【£30】；Go to 【your own embassy】；You can get the information of embassies on 【page 13】 of the student handbook. If you want to re-enter Esmian island, you must get a multi-entry visa；If you carry a lot of money you should fill a 【currency form】；If you wish to get a Youth Transportation Card, you should show your 【International Student Card】. You should take 【12 passport photos】 with you; Money: You must take 【Yen】 or 【Australian dollars】.
新车和旧车：男的最喜欢的部分是：【discussion】；What is the project subject：【new cars and old cars】；Who are the respondents? 【mainly students】；调查报告回收数量：【2000】份。Two factors to consider when buying cars：【good steering】和【seat belts】；女生说【fashion】也很重要。旧车受学生欢迎的原因是【cheaper】，但旧车的【repair cost】很高，男女生都认为【insurance】和【safety】重要
租车行：车行提供的车型有grade C 和D，有什么相同之处 【mileage】, 【Insurance】；何时还车：no later than 【8’clock Sunday night】；把钥匙放在【letterbox】里。Why the man get discount? 【汽车俱乐部成员】；什么地方能得到一个电话：【central station】；车行还提供【flashlight】【road map】【First Aid Kit】, sun sheet
汽车保险公司：Address 地址：【27 Bank Road】；Occupation 职业：【Dentist】；Car model 车型：【Seable】；Previous insurance company name：【Northern Star】；Diver name：【Paynter】；Relationship with men：【brother in law】；Car used to：Social purpose and 【travel to work】；The cause of claim before：Been 【stolen】 in 1999；New insurance company name: 【Red Flag】；Amount per year: 【$450】

安全类
校园犯罪：讲座的组织者【Student Union】；现在校园犯罪的主要形式【Theft】（偷窃行为）；校园犯罪率的变化【decrease】； 女孩担心犯罪问题的原因【exaggerated by media】；遇到犯罪时【seek help】；解决自身安全的根本途径：【increase safty awareness增强安全意识】；工作太晚之后【go back with a friend】；参加防身课的目的：【be aware of dangerous】；不要带【knife】；大学是【place without wall】
酒店犯罪：多发地点shops and 【hotels】；讲话者在watchdog 工作了【five and half】years；Hotel Crimes 多发生在【room】；原因1：房客出去时不【locking door】；原因2：敲门就开，不【check identities】；建议尽量走【main entrance】 和void using underground and car park；这些年来,酒店犯罪率降低了【20%】；促进了【insurance companies】与tourism organizations的联合；另外一种犯罪类型【violent crime】，多发生在【poor area】。

科学类
【天鹅绒black velvet】的反光率(Reflective index)是【0.0】；There are some man-made materials, such as 【plastic】；All materials need 【processing】 before use；Wood should be cut and 【seasoned】(风干)；Stone should be cut and 【polished】；选择使用何种材料要考虑的因素：除了环境因素，【cost】should be considered；材料的特性, according to type, shape；Appearance may 【vary】 greatly；Use mathematic formula to evaluate the quality of wood, because 【words】 are subjective, they are ambiguous in description.
In what form the Aztec send their tribute：【goods particularly crops】；When did the historian realize the rapid population of Aztec：【200 years ago】；Where will they cultivate besides the hillside：【wetland】；Where the only evidence are found in archaeology：【Casemates/Capital Castle】；Two kinds of buildings other than houses they found：【storehouses and temples】；Pick out three things show the Aztec farmers more than simple peasants 【imported rich-colored pottery】【marketing system】 【exchange in craft goods】；Something found in both noble houses and 【common residence】 Except：【precious stones】

本日最重大科学发现：这个所谓超牛的“共享空间”居然不能上载文件！！！

 

我编的讲义补充材料少说也要上千字，不仅上载不了，而且在日志中被限制字数！最绝的是：还不告诉你限多少字，让你娃一个一个字试去吧！

 

网速慢得吓死蜗牛！我花了3个小时更新了讲义，获取的微量成就感被以迅雷不及掩耳盗铃之势给稀释了，我花了另外3个小时在这个空间，重起四次，居然没有把全部文章贴出来！

 

谁知道哪里有符合我要求的日志？我的要求很简单，能上载文件供浏览者下载！

8月26日

 

S4 一个讲suburbs的报告，具体细节不详。

 

 

9月16日

 

S4英法隧道

 

英法两国联合建海底隧道。

多选配对题，年份配事件。有如下事件（不准确，仅根据补充材料估算）：

31. 两国计划建隧道：【1802】

32. 成立committee：【1872】

33. 遇到financial问题：【1983】

34. 想建一个bridge：【1882】

35. 最终达成一致要link：【1875】

36. ……什么scheme，【1875】

总共10个选项，有一个1802年的例子已选x，所以第一眼看到毫不留情划掉！

37、38五选三，哪两个是最终建隧道的主要原因：

A. 因为民众的Popularity, B. 不详 【C. cheapest】 D.不详，【E. safest】

39和40是填图题：

外侧的两条是【running tunnels】，中间的是【cross passages】

 

本空间中将有托福写作、雅思听力和BEC的内容今后讲义更新全部在此