估计这个题目是第一部分的。

可能的关键词：decoration装饰, renovation 装修, preference 偏好, partitioning 分区, section 区域

 

例如：

 

The decoration and style of an office play very important roles in creating good working environment and promoting company image.  I would like my office to be well-renovated, modern and stylish.  If I could decide, I would also like my office to be clearly portioned into different functional sections, such as reception, board rooms, copy room, office area and, …, a kitchen would be even better.

（1）有人5月12日当天在天府广场骑车,突然看到毛主席像跟他挥手，他吓惨了，后来才晓得是地震了
（2）12号那天，我一个阿姨正在打麻将，突然发现桌子在晃，马上喊不打老，快点跑，桌子在晃！结果另外一个阿姨说：“不要慌，再打一盘！”…
（3）地震来的时候 。我们楼下还有抱29寸纯平彩电跑的估计的累惨了
（4） 四个婆婆在打麻将。突然发现桌子在摇。婆婆们二话不说，分头各自去找了些硬纸板，垫在桌子下面。然后坐下来继续打！ = =! 估计是重庆市最强悍的几个老太婆了。
（5）有个医生正准备给一个躺在床上的中年男病人打针，突然地震了，医生说，哎呀，好大的人老嘛，打个针都怕，晃撒子嘛！
（6）12号那天我正在售房部，发现电脑在抖，“格老子的，压路机又过来了，你去喊他开慢点，”……“不理所！！！！！！！！！！！”出 一看，好多人，才晓得地震了
（7）听说，12号那天川大一个班上正在上课~地震了，学生开始往外面跑，老教授喊：莫慌做下来，我点名，点一个出去一个~~~汗~~
（8）我当时在打电话，很镇静的告诉电话那头的朋友：“地震了”，朋友很镇静的告诉我：“那就挂了嘛！”
（9）楼底下躲震，听见一个老太婆骂她老伴“老年痴呆，地震起来你还去抽啥子空调嘛？瓜西西的，人家都在跑，你喊我把冰箱给你抽到？”原来地震那天，他老婆起身就跑，他把空调抽到，还喊他老婆：表跑，把冰箱抽到，要倒了。。。
（10）一个朋友说地震时他家狗还在睡，于是第二天把他家狗暴打一顿
（11）今天听到同事摆，某大学的日语外教只彪悍。日本不是经常地震把他都震成习惯了。5.12地震一开始，他很镇静地喊学生躲到桌子底下，隔哈儿抖完了，学生从桌子底下爬出来，他继续讲课。然后全校的老师学生都到操场集合了，校领导一清人：拐了！日语班的人喃？赶快派人上 找，找到教室头的时候，他们班还在继续上日语。。。
（12）北川一老大爷，被俄罗斯救援队从废墟中解救出来，一看，周围全是金发碧眼的老外，大爷就说了：“狗日的地震硬是凶喃，一哈把老子震到外国来了！”
（13）我从来没有经历过地震 512那天我正好要去缴电话费，刚刚走到天府广场电信营业厅门口，就看到一群人往外冲，心想，遭了，有人抢劫
（14）同事的朋友正在蹲大号，地震了，她朋友想：杂个近来身体这么瞥哦，蹲到脚都在打闪闪～～～～
（15）我们单位一个老工程师，地震来时从13楼跑到了11楼，突然冒出了一句“遭了，电脑还没关！”于是返回13楼把电脑关了才跑下来！后来这一事迹得到公司老总的表扬，敬佩哦！
（16）说个我朋友他老爸  家在6楼,地震那天.;老爷子正好在窗户边,震的时候他家对面的水塔甩的啊,跟个呼啦圈一样.老爷子欣赏了一会,喊一了句:老婆子,快快~`快来看，这水塔甩圆咯...."而这个时候阿姨早就腿软的不行咯。
（17）5.12地震时 正在试朋友才买的车子 刚刚打开空调车子就开始晃动了 我朋友说:妈哟 这车子质量太差了 开个空调整个车子都在动等会就去找厂家退货 刚说完就看见旁边一大群人跑出来喊地震了 这才晓得原来是地震
（18）一个非洲黑娃儿到成都旅游,入住一家宾馆,这时地震发生使宾馆着火,黑娃儿以最快的速度冲到空旷的平地,这时救火的消防队员很惊讶的说到"日他仙人板板,没见过被烧焦了还跑得这么快的"....

叶志平--一个灾区农村中学校长的避险意识 

    他矮，胖胖的。

    他所在的中学，是四川安县桑枣中学，是一所初级中学，在绵阳周边非常有名。学校因教学质量高，连续１３年都是全县中考第一名，周围家长都拼命把孩子往里送。学生最多的班，有８０多名学生，最前排的学生几乎坐在老师下巴前。

    地震来临时，他正在绵阳办事。大地震动，他站不稳，只好与学校的总务长互相抱着。

    手机打不通，电话断了，第一波震荡过去后，他立即驱车往地处重灾区的学校赶。

    车开得飞快，路上他一句话也不说。

    他惦记着学校那栋没有通过验收的实验教学楼，心里最怕的是那栋楼出事。

    上世纪８０年代中，那栋楼建设时，学校没有找正规的建筑公司，断断续续地盖了两年多。到后来，没有人敢为这栋楼验收。

    新的实验教学楼盖好了，老师和学生谁也不愿意搬进去，哪个都知道没有人敢验收的楼，建筑质量是什么样的成色。

    当时，他还是普通教师，是学校为数不多的党员之一，别人不敢搬，他只好带头搬。

    搬进新楼时，新楼的楼梯栏杆都是摇摇晃晃的。灯泡各式各样，参差不齐，教室本应雪白的墙上，只有底灰，什么都没有。

    后来，他当领导了，下决心一定要修这栋楼。

    １９９７年，他把与这栋新楼相连的一栋厕所楼拆除了。因为他发现，厕所楼的建筑质量很差，污水锈蚀了钢筋。他怕建筑质量不高的厕所楼牵连同样质量可疑的新楼，要求施工队重新在一楼的安全处搭建了厕所，这样，虽然高层教室上课的同学上厕所不太方便，但是，孩子们安全。

    １９９８年，他发现新楼的楼板缝中填的不是水泥，而是水泥纸袋。他生气，找正规建筑公司，重新在板缝中老老实实地灌注了混凝土。

    １９９９年，他又花钱，将已经不太新的楼原来华而不实、却又很沉重的砖栏杆拆掉，换上轻巧美观结实的钢管栏杆。接着，他又对这栋楼动了大手术，将整栋楼的２２根承重柱子，按正规的要求，从３７厘米直径的三七柱，重新灌水泥，加粗为５０厘米以上的五零柱，他动手测量，每根柱子直径加粗了１５厘米。

    这栋实验教学楼，建筑时才花了１７万元，光加固就花了４０多万元。

    学校没有钱，他一点点向教育局要，领导支持，他修楼的钱就这样左一个５万元、右一个５万元的化缘而来。

    教学楼时刻要用，他就与施工单位协调，利用寒暑假和周末，蚂蚁啃骨头般，一点点将这栋有１６个教室的楼修好。

    对新建的楼，他的要求更是严。楼外立面贴的大理石面，只贴一下不行，他不放心，怕掉下来砸到学生，他让施工者每块大理石板都打四个孔，然后用四个金属钉挂在外墙上，再粘好。建筑外檐装修的术语讲，这叫“干挂”。

    因此，即使是如前些天的大地震，教学楼的大理石面，没有一块掉下来。

    他知道，教学楼不建结实，早晚会出事，出了事，没法向娃娃家长交代。

    不是没有见过出事的学校，有的学校墙没弄结实倒塌砸到学生，有的学校组织不好，造成学生踩踏事故。

    他不能让这样的危险降临在自己学生的身上。于是，他从２００５年开始，每学期要在全校组织一次紧急疏散的演习。

    会事先告知学生，本周有演习，但娃娃们具体不知道是哪一天。等到特定的一天，课间操或者学生休息时，学校会突然用高音喇叭喊：全校紧急疏散！

    每个班的疏散路线都是固定的，学校早已规划好。两个班疏散时合用一个楼梯，每班必须排成单行。每个班级疏散到操场上的位置也是固定的，每次各班级都站在自己的地方，不会错。

    教室里面一般是９列８行，前４行从前门撤离，后４行从后门撤离，每列走哪条通道，娃娃们早已被事先教育好。孩子们事先还被告知的有，在２楼、３楼教室里的学生要跑得快些，以免堵塞逃生通道；在４楼、５楼的学生要跑得慢些，否则会在楼道中造成人流积压。

    学校紧急疏散时，他让人记时，不比速度，只讲评各班级存在的问题。

    刚搞紧急疏散时，学生当是娱乐，半大孩子除了觉得好玩外，还认为多此一举，有反对意见，但他坚持。

    后来，学生老师都习惯了，每次疏散都井然有序。

    他对老师的站位都有要求。老师不是上完课甩手就走，而是在适当的时候要站在适当的位置，他认为适当的时候是：下课后、课间操、午饭晚饭，放晚自习和紧急疏散时——都是教学楼中人流量最大的时候；他认为适当的位置是：各层的楼梯拐弯处。

    老师之所以被要求站在那里的原因是，拐弯处最容易摔，孩子如果在这里摔了，老师毕竟是成人，力气大些，可以一把把孩子从人流中抓住提起来，不至于让别人踩到娃娃。

    每周二都是学校规定的安全教育时间，让老师专门讲交通安全和饮食卫生等。他管得严，集体开会时，他不允许学生拖着自己的椅子走，要求大家必须平端椅子——因为拖着的椅子会绊倒人，后面的学生看不到前面倒的人，还会往前涌，所有的踩踏都是这样出现的。

    那天地震，他不在。学生们正是按着平时学校要求、他们也练熟了的方式疏散的。地震波一来，老师喊：所有人趴在桌子下！学生们立即趴下去。

    老师们把教室的前后门都打开了，怕地震扭曲了房门。

    震波一过，学生们立即冲出了教室，老师站在楼梯上，喊：“快一点，慢一点！”

    老师们说，喊出的话自己事后想想，都觉得矛盾和可笑。但当时的心情，既怕学生跑得太慢，再遇到地震，又怕学生跑得太快，摔倒了——关键时候的摔倒，可不是玩的。

    那天，连怀孕的老师都按照平时的学校要求行事。地震强烈得使挺着大肚子的女老师站不住，抓紧黑板跪在讲台上，但也没有先于学生逃走。唯一不合学校要求的是，几个男生护送着怀孕的老师同时下了楼。

    由于平时的多次演习，地震发生后，全校师生，２２００多名学生，上百名老师，从不同的教学楼和不同的教室中，全部冲到操场，以班级为组织站好，用时１分３６秒。

    学校所在的安县紧临着地震最为惨烈的北川，学校外的房子百分之百受损，９０多位教师的房子都垮塌了，其中７０多位老师，家里砸得什么都没有了。

    他从绵阳疯了似地冲回来，冲进学校，看到的是这样的情景：８栋教学楼部分坍塌，全部成为危楼。他的学生，１１岁到１５岁的娃娃们，都挨得紧紧地站在操场上，老师们站在最外圈，四周是教学楼。

    他最为担心的那栋他主持修理了多年的实验教学楼，没有塌，那座楼上的教室里，地震时坐着７００多名学生和他们的老师。

    老师们迎着他报告：学生没事，老师们都没事。

    他后来说，那时，他浑身都软了。５５岁的他，哭了。

    通信恢复后，老师们接到家长的电话，会扯着大声骄傲地告诉家长：我们学校，学生无一伤亡，老师无一伤亡——说话时眼中噙着泪。

    他的老师们收入都不高，教师平均月收入１１２６．７８元。学校的墙上写着：“责任高于一切，成就源于付出。”

    那时，在大震时分布四处的学生家长们的伤亡数尚在统计中，学校墙外的镇子上，也是房倒屋塌，求救声一片。但是一个镇里的农村初中，却在大震之后，把孩子们带到了家长面前，告诉家长，娃娃连汗毛也没有伤一根。

    他叫叶志平，是安县桑枣中学校长，四川省优秀校长。

GRE Issue 231

The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.

 

  

在当今媒体，特别是视觉媒体，极度发达的时代，谁没有过被摄像机记录的视频画面兴奋、震惊或感动过？摄像机的发明无疑是20世纪最有影响力的发明之一。然而，武断地说摄像机比文字记录更重要却另人无法苟同。

In this age of media explosion, especially visual media, who has not been excited, shocked or moved by video scenes recorded by video camera? With no doubt, the invention of video camera is one of the most influential ones in the 20th century, However, squarely claiming video camera excels written documentation is not easy to be agreed.

 

首先，影像记录（这种通过摄像机完成的，仅有仅一个世纪历史的方式）具有文字记录不可比拟的优势：活动画面、现场声音、动态感和直观性。此外，影像记录还具有极大的技术先进性，比如说，普通摄像机可以在一秒钟内记录数十张画面，可以记录突发时间的详细过程，例如射向肯尼迪的子弹到底从何方向射来；高速摄像机可以在1秒钟内拍摄数千幅画面，可以记录一只蜜蜂是如何扇动（控制）翅膀，一颗子弹如何击穿苹果的。摄像机除了在新闻记录领域的运用，还被广泛运用在工业、军事和科研中。

First of all, visual documentation, a century-long approach recorded by video camera, does have advantages that written records could never compete: motion pictures, simultaneous audio recording, dynamic and direct view. In addition, video document has tremendous technological advancements: common video camera captures decades of consecutive pictures which are able to record details of a sudden incident, like where exactly the bullet shooting to president JFK is from; high speed camera captures amazing thousands of frames which are able to record how a bee waves its wings and how a bullet passes through an apple. Therefore, video camera is widely used in industry, military and scientific research, other than news broadcasting.

 

简言之，摄像机就像人类眼睛的延伸，使得我们看得更远、更细致和更直观。而文字记录，这种已经延续了数千年的传统记录方式，不可避免地缺乏直观性，而且容易掺杂记录者的主观立场，使得阅读者不能得到最全面和公正的信息（画面）。更另人沮丧的是，文字记录还依赖阅读者的阅读理解能力。

Simply put, camera is like a technical extension of our eyes, enabling us to see further, more particular and direct. Written documentation, a traditional method with a thousand-year history, is inevitably falling into the weakness of being in-direct and is more likely mingled with subjective standpoints of the writer, which may cause the readers receive partial or unfair information. What is worse, written documentation heavily relies on the verbal literacy of the readers.

 

另一方面，摄像机并非十全十美的记录方式。摄像机的使用需要大量的资金和专业的技术支持。视频画面传送到观众的终端接收装置，就是电影或电视以及新兴的网络视频，所依赖的不仅仅是一台或几台摄像机，而是一个负责的系统。这个系统耗资巨大，维护复杂且严重依赖电力。而且，优质的，有历史价值的画面需要高超的专业技术能力。此外，摄像机所记录的画面也有可能被选择性记录或者编辑，以期影响、误导甚至欺骗观众的判断。电影中大量的特技镜头就是最好的例子。

On the other hand, camera is far from being the perfect media. The usage of camera requires huge capital and technological support. Transmitting to its terminals, specifically movie, TV and newly emerged internet video, visual image needs not just one or several cameras, but a complex system. Such system costs fortune, needs maintenance and electricity. Furthermore, well-produced and history-worthy images require professional skills. Also, images captured by camera could be selectively recorded or edited, so as to affect, mislead or even deceive audiences’ judgment. The large presence of stunt scenes in movies is a good example.

 

文字记录方式则能够弥补上述不足。在许多对突发事件的描述中，只要现场有目击者，就可以采集到第一手的文字记录，而现场有没有摄像机并不影响对事件的描述。文字方式还可以记录作者的思维过程，就像人类大脑的延伸，这一点恰恰是摄像机完全无法比的。

Written documentation supplements these weaknesses. In most sudden events, as long as there is a witness, there will be first-hand word report. Having no camera does not matter. Text documentation records thinking process, precisely like the extension of our mind (brains). This is another round text will win without a parallel.

 

最后，文字记录可以保留文件的原始笔迹、印记和签名，这是大量法律文件所必须具备的。文字记录的传播成本和要求也相当低，试想，一本薄薄的历史书如果用视频记录方式传播，将会有多么复杂。不可否认的是，由于现代人更习惯观看而不是阅读，导致我们往往忽略了文字的好处。

Lastly, written documentation carries original handwriting, stamp and signature, which must be provided by most law documents. Written documentation costs less in copying and distributing, consider, for example, how complicated it would be if a thin history book to be converted into video format? Undeniably, modern people favor watching instead of reading, as a result, the good sides of text format are ignored.

 

作为结论，离开了摄像机，人类将错过许多值得记录的画面；同样，如果仅仅依靠摄像机，人类主动思考的能力也将不可避免地退化。摄像机拓展我们的视野，文字，只有文字，使得我们的大脑更灵活。

To sum up, without camera, we will miss myriad motion images; seemingly, if we rely merely on camera, our abilities of proactive thinking will degenerate. Therefore, camera extends our vision, but written documentation, only written documentation, exercise our brains.

 

 

Argument 154  黄皮书P119

 

这篇摘自Health and Fitness Magazine的社论得出结论：锻炼导致长寿，因此所有的患者都应该被要求做剧烈的户外运动。这一判断的依据是根据一组20年间对500名来自不同职业、不同地点的中年男性日常锻炼情况的问卷调查，以及分析他们的寿命与锻炼的关系。此结论看似非常合理，但经仔细分析后，发现该社论存在大量的逻辑谬误，且未考虑其他相关因素。如果不排除某些可能性，这篇文章就不能令人信服，而只能被认为是某些利益集团的广告（商业游说）。
The editorial from a health and fitness magazine concludes that exercise causes longevity and therefore, all patients should be required to exercise vigorously outdoor.  This judgment is based on series of surveys about daily physical activities done by 500 middle-aged men, selected from different occupations and locations over 20 years, and analysis of the effect of exercise on longevity..  A close review indicate that this argument suffers from several critical logical fallacies.

 

首先，该社论中，作为重要证据的调查数据（如500名中年男性、20年周期）的有效性很值得怀疑。既然社论声称频繁进行剧烈户外锻炼必然导致长寿，那么采样人群中肯定已经出现了死亡个案才能得出此结论。遗憾的是，该社论没有提供这样的案例。试想，如果被调查的500人在20年后无一人死亡，如何比较他们谁更长寿呢？再试想，如果被调查者中的确有人死亡，但却是意外致死，也不能说明缺乏锻炼是其死因。此外，采样数字500也缺乏背景资料的支持，如果该国的人口超过1亿，500人在总人口比例中就显得微不足道；最可笑的是该社论居然忽略了占人口一半的女性，而无任何合理解释。
Firstly, the evidence, directing to 500 middle-aged male respondents what the author believes that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion from it. to be crucial is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it.  According to the editorial, longevity is contribute to outdoor sports; therefore, it is reasonable to assume the occurrence of respondents death.  Regrettably, this editorial fails to offer this report of death.  Consider, if no one among the questioned 500 men has dead, how could it be said who lives longer than who?  If some one has dead, but of accident, how could it be said the cause of death is lack of exercise?  On top of that, the number of samples, to be specific, is not fully supported by background information.  Suppose, the number of population exceeds 100 million, 500 is such a small number.  Ridiculously, this editorial ignores, seemingly intentionally, female who counts half of the total population, without any convincing explanation.

 

其次，所谓的重大调查，却仅仅建立在被调查者对“多长时间锻炼一次和每次进行多大强度的锻炼”这样一个简单问题的口头回答上。这使得500份回答样本的可信度很低，因为社论没有提供任何验证这些口供的方法。而这种缺乏验证的口供居然被在长达20年的调查周期中多次使用。完全有可能出现被调查者虚报锻炼次数和强度的情况。因此，在无有效手段和证据来确保这些口供的可信度之前，得出最后结论就非常牵强。再者，这种提问方式显得过于简单和笼统。该调查问卷未给出运动频率和运动强度的清晰描述，一个有效的、科学的提问应该定义相当多不容易被任何人主观误读的细节，并给出具体指标，如持续超过若干分钟的锻炼才算作一次、运动中消耗超过若干计量单位才算作剧烈运动。没有提出上述信息，此调查的结论就不能让人信服。
Secondly, this research relies heavily on oral responses to a simple question “”.  It is the question which dilutes the credibility of the research, because no method verifying these statements are presented.  These unverified statements are repeatedly cited as evidence over a lengthy period of 20 years. It is absolutely possible that the questionees formulate false reports on frequency and strength of their exercise.  What is more, the question is too simple and too general.  Also, this question fails to give detailed description of two indicators previously mentioned.  An effective and scientific question should define quite a lot of details which could not be misinterpreted by anyone, and provides standardized specification: certain minutes of exercise is defined as one exercise; certain units of energy consumption is defined as vigorous exercise. Without these information, the conclusion is inevitably worth doubting.

 

最后，这篇社论推理不充分，下结论过早。它过于笼统地概括锻炼似乎是长寿的唯一原因，且建议医生应采取的措施也过于简单。显而易见，长寿的原因是多种多样的，诸如环境、基因、饮食、心态、生活习惯、医疗条件等。既便长寿与锻炼有关联，也无法推理出患者都必须进行剧烈锻炼。不难理解，患者的身体状况、病情和康复状况也是多样的，没有任何一个简单的方法可以应对所有的状况。如果按照作者的建议，要求一个刚刚接受完心脏手术或腿骨手术的患者进行剧烈户外运动，其结果恐怕是灾难性的。
Finally, the author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization and insufficient logical.  The arguer attempts to extract a general principle that only exercise causes longevity and to propose a one-for-all solution to doctors.  Obviously causes of long life vary from many factors, specifically, environment, gene, dinning, mentality, living habit and medical condition.  Even though long-living is associated with exercise, it can not be assumed all patients should perform high intensity open-to-air exercise.  It is easy to understand that factors like physical condition, illness and recovery of patients are also varying.  There is no such thing as a simple fix or quick solution to cope with all situations.  According to the recommendation of the author, if a patient, who has just received a heart surgery or a leg bone surgery, is required to exercise intensively; the consequence will surely be disastrous.

 

综上所述，社论作者的论点根本经不起推敲。只有抽取更大范围的样本（含女性和青少年），只有建立起有效的监控机制来确保被调查者真正按照他们的口供锻炼，只有对样本中死亡率及死因进行比对，才能使人相信锻炼和长寿确实关联紧密。只有对患者或普通的定期运动者进行区分，并设计适合其病情或身体状况的锻炼方案，才能真正使运动成为患者的康复助手或健康人的长寿秘方。在未确保上述措施被采取的情况下，草率做出该社论的结论显然欠周密的考虑。
It could be safely concluded that the conclusion of this editorial is lack of convincing support.  Only wider sampling (including women and teenagers), only effective verifying tools, only comparison of cause of death could make the correlation between exercise and longevity convincing.  Only differentiation of patients from healthy regular exercisers, and fitness plan suitable for different bodies could make exercise to be recovery helper of patients and to be longevity tips for healthy people.  Otherwise, this curtly-drawn conclusion is nothing but an un-thoughtful consideration.

给大家一个《唐山大地震》的电子书链接：http://book.sina.com.cn/nzt/his/tangshandizhen/7.shtml

我以前曾经读过这本书，及其震撼，没想到居然亲历更大的灾难。为生者庆幸，为逝者默哀！

 

 

中新社北京五月十七日电(记者 阮煜琳)汶川大地震是中国一九四九年以来破坏性最强、波及范围最大的一次地震，地震的强度、烈度都超过了一九七六年的唐山大地震。中国地震研究及地质灾害研究专家今天分析了汶川地震破坏性强于唐山地震的主要原因。

 

　　中国地质科学院地质力学所基础地质研究室专家冯梅今天做客国土资源部门户网时分析指出，汶川地震破坏性强于唐山地震，首先，从震级上可以看出，汶川地震稍强。唐山地震国际上公认的是七点六级，汶川地震是七点八级。其次，从地缘机制断层错动上看，唐山地震是拉张性的，是上盘往下掉。汶川地震是上盘往上升，要比唐山地震影响大。

　　第三，唐山地震的断层错动时间是十二点九秒，汶川地震是二十二点二秒，错动时间越长，人们感受到强震的时间越长，也就是说汶川地震建筑物的摆幅持续时间比唐山地震要强。

　　第四，从地震张量的指数上看，唐山地震是二点七级，汶川地震是九点四级，差别很大。

　　第五，汶川地震波及的面积、造成的受灾面积比唐山地震大。冯梅说，这主要是由于断层错动的原因，汶川地震是挤压断裂，错动方向是北东方向，也就是说汶川的北东方向受影响比较大，但是它的西部情况就会好一些。

　　汶川地震波及面积大，据称几乎整个东南亚和整个东亚地区都有震感。“主要是因为汶川地震错动时间特别长，比唐山地震还长，这就是为什么唐山地震虽然死亡人数多，但是实际上灾害造成的影响不如汶川地震大。”冯梅说，因为汶川灾情分布比较广。

　　第六，汶川地震诱发的地质灾害、次生灾害比唐山地震大得多。国土资源部高级咨询研究中心教授岑嘉法分析说，因为唐山地震主要发生在平原地区，汶川地震主要发生在山区，次生灾害、地质灾害的种类都不太一样，汶川地震引发的破坏性比较大的崩塌、滚石加上滑坡等，比唐山地震的次生地质灾害要严重得多。另外，因为四川水比较多，所以堰塞湖跟唐山地震相比也是不一样的。

　　中国地质科学院地质力学所基础地质研究室专家安美建补充说，汶川地震的震级比唐山地震的震级稍微高一点，能量差三倍，地震波及能量越大，地震传得更远，在更远的距离内造成破坏。另外，汶川地震的位置也非常特殊。唐山地震发生在中国东部，因为东部地区延迟线比较薄，东部地震波衰减厉害，而四川的延迟线厚，所以地震波衰减慢。从这两个角度来说，汶川地震造成的影响要比唐山大。

　　统计显示，一九七六年唐山大地震造成二十四点二万人丧生。截至目前，汶川地震造成二点八八万人丧生。

　　专家分析指出，相比唐山大地震，汶川地震死亡人数相对较少，主要是因为唐山地震发震时间是夜间，大部分人睡觉了，汶川地震主要发生在白天。另外，唐山地震主要发生在市区，而汶川地震主要是在山区或者说农村人口密度不是很大的地方。

 

以下摘自Business Week: China Quake Won't Shake Economy

At 2:48 in the afternoon on May 12, Wu Zhigang was working at his desk at Sichuan Gaojin Food's headquarters in Suining, a city of about 4 million people in the western Chinese province of Sichuan, when the earthquake struck. Although it is 150 miles away from the quake's epicenter, the company's building shook so much that Wu and his colleagues had to run outside.

By 3 p.m. they returned to their desks, but other workers at Gaojin Food weren't so lucky. The company temporarily halted production at the three of its seven food processing plants located closest to the epicenter. The earthquake knocked out power and water supplies and cracked the plants' walls. "This will affect our results, but it won't be a very big impact," says Wu, an employee in Sichuan Gaojin's securities department.

The 7.8-scale earthqu四川ake that struck the mountains of western Sichuan province is the deadliest natural disaster to hit China in nearly three decades. The earthquake has claimed over 12,000 lives, mostly from collapsed buildings. However many economists expect the impact on the Chinese economy of the power outages, communications breakdowns, and blocked roads to be limited. "In the short term, there will be a temporary disruption in industrial production, but it should recover very quickly," says Lehman Brothers (LEH) Hong Kong-based economist Mingchun Sun. One reason, he says, is that the quake hit a rural area without a big manufacturing base.

Not as Bad as Winter Snowstorms
Indeed, while the human toll is immense, the earthquake is likely to have a smaller impact on China's economy than the freak snowstorms this winter, which affected a greater swath of the country. Sichuan's economy, like other provinces in China's western region, lags behind China's wealthier coastal regions. The province's industrial output only accounts for 3.9% of China's gross domestic product, according to Merrill Lynch (MER). Sichuan has a population of more than 87 million, roughly the same as Vietnam, and many Sichuanese either stay at home to farm or go to China's manufacturing bases in the southern and eastern regions to work.

When the earthquake hit, most companies, not only in Sichuan but as far away as Beijing and Shanghai, evacuated their employees from offices and factories. Intel (INTC), Toyota Motor (TM), and Yamaha Motor (YAMHF) are among the companies that have suspended operations at their factories in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, while they inspect the damage caused by the earthquake. Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp., a Shanghai-based chipmaker, also evacuated employees in its semiconductor manufacturing, assembly, and testing facilities in Chengdu. "We had to evacuate. But we expect the disruption to production to be very minor and be back tonight or tomorrow, or very soon," says Matthew Szymanski, vice-president of corporate relations at SMIC.

Other local companies might have a harder time returning to normal. Before they can resume production, many factories need a restoration of electricity and water supplies. Sichuan province lost 4 gigawatts of electrical capacity while neighboring Shaanxi province lost another 1.5 gigawatts after the earthquake knocked out 10 power stations and transformers in the two provinces, according to State Grid Corp. of China. "As a precaution, Intel has removed the facility from local power or water service until a full seismic assessment is completed," Intel spokeswoman Lucy Meng wrote in an e-mail.

"While the current situation is dynamic, we hope to resume operations as soon as possible, pending restoration of utilities and a seismic assessment."

Roads to Disaster Areas Blocked
The earthquake has also created logistical headaches, hampering not only transportation of products but also rescue efforts. Some flights passing over the region have been canceled. Some trains to Chengdu have been suspended. Since the evening of May 12, rain in Sichuan has caused mudslides and debris to block the roads. Soldiers mobilized for relief efforts have had to walk to disaster areas. Premier Wen Jiabao flew to Chengdu Monday afternoon and tried to go directly to Wenchuan, the epicenter of the earthquake, but was unable to because the roads were blocked. Wen ordered the roads leading to areas hit by the earthquake to be cleared before midnight local time on May 14. "After the earthquake, transportation to the disaster area is extremely difficult," Ministry of Civil Affairs disaster response director Wang Zhenyao told journalists at a May 13 press briefing in Beijing.

The difficulties in reaching the disaster areas have been exacerbated by telecommunication problems caused by the earthquake. The country's largest cell phone operator, China Mobile (CHL), said that 2,300 base stations, or 0.8% of the total, stopped working due to power failures or congestion, making it more difficult for friends and family to reach their loved ones (BusinessWeek, 5/12/08) in Sichuan province . Nokia (NOK) and Motorola (MOT) said that they would donate cell phones as part of their disaster relief packages. "Our experience is that when there is [this] type of disasters, phones are actually quite useful for people involved in rescue and also people living in the area," says Thomas Jonasson, director of communications, China area, at Nokia.

Despite the disruptions, companies and economists expect China to bounce back quickly from the earthquake. Many employees were already back at work on May 13. As reconstruction efforts start, the government is expected to boost investment in roads, bridges, and other fixed assets in the second half. Lehman Brothers economist Sun points out that when a 6.9 magnitude earthquake hit Kobe, Japan, in 1995, it temporarily disrupted Japan's industrial output but the region quickly recovered in the coming months. He says, "It's a big tragedy in terms of human life, but in terms of growth it's not a big deal."

 

 

以下摘自路透社：SARS wake-up call now paying off for China

BEIJING (Reuters) - China's prompt, open response to the devastating earthquake that hit Sichuan province on Monday results in large part from tough lessons learned through the SARS epidemic in 2003, a senior government adviser said on Saturday.

Beijing's quick mobilization of tens of thousands of troops and rescue workers following the disaster, together with its allowing information about it to flow freely, stands in sharp contrast to its botched handling of the SARS crisis, which officials initially covered up.

Shan Chunchang, an adviser to the State Council, or cabinet, and head of its team of experts on emergency management, told Reuters that SARS had been a wake-up call across the government.

"We realized that we had to build up a response mechanism not just for health, but for all aspects of society, including confronting natural disasters, dealing with accidents, security," Shan said in a telephone interview from Beijing.

Shan has since criss-crossed the country, following disaster wherever it strikes, looking for the lessons to be learned and formulating ways to improve the evolving response system and cooperation among government agencies.

"These few years of building that system up have paid off significantly this time," he said.

Echoing President Hu Jintao, Shan said that in the current relief effort, rescue workers must continue looking for survivors as long as there is even a glimmer of hope that more people could still be found alive.

More survivors were found on Saturday, five days after the quake, including a German tourist. China has put the known death toll at almost 29,000 but has said that it could exceed 50,000. 

AIDING THE SICK, INJURED

Still, Shan stressed that in the coming days, significant resources needed to be allocated to helping survivors.

"Even though those people have been rescued, many are injured and they could start to get all sorts of diseases. We really need to ensure their health and safety," he said.

He added that the quake underlined the need to improve people's basic knowledge of survival skills and first aid.

"Across the country, people's overall awareness in terms of protecting themselves and one another is still relatively limited," he said.

Shan said he thought China deserved credit for its response to the quake, adding that he considered it fair to say that it had done a better job than the U.S. government did in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

"It doesn't mean we can't improve in the future, but we think we've really done our best and acted as quickly, as sincerely as we could to save the victims," he said, pointing to the 1976 earthquake in the northeastern city of Tangshan, which killed up to 300,000 people, as evidence of how far China had come.

Under the slogan "Chinese people are fully capable of surmounting all difficulties", China turned down international offers of support after the Tangshan quake and sought to prevent news of it from spreading.

"That's been a big improvement -- in the past we were relatively closed-minded," Shan said. "Now, we've got a much more open stance, and we're really grateful for all the concern and support from governments and people around the world."

母罹难,女婴含乳头活了

龚晋是一名年轻的妇科医生，在中山大学附属东华医院妇科工作。5月12日刚好飞抵成都探亲。5月13日，龚晋来到重灾区都江堰参与救援，他在现场的身份是一名普通的志愿者。三天来，他抢救近200名伤者。回忆起连续几日的救援场景，龚晋不胜唏嘘。 

5月13日下午，都江堰河边一处坍塌的民宅，数十救援人员在奋力挖掘，寻找存活的伤者。突然，一个令人震惊的场景出现在了龚晋眼前:一名年轻的妈妈双手怀抱着一个三四个月大的婴儿蜷缩在废墟中，她低着头，上衣向上掀起，已经失去了呼吸，怀里的女婴依然惬意地含着母亲的乳头，吮吸着，红扑扑的小脸与母亲粘满灰尘的双乳形成了鲜明的对比。 

“我们小心地将女婴抱起，离开母亲的乳头时，她立刻哭闹起来。”龚晋说，看到女婴的反应，在场者无不掩面。 

“我无法想象，一个死去的妈妈还在为自己的孩子喂奶，从母亲抱孩子的姿势可以看出，她是很刻意地在保护自己的孩子，或许就是在临死前，她把乳头放进了女儿的嘴里。”龚晋掩面而泣。一个三十岁的年轻小伙子，在妇产科见惯了初生的妈妈给自己孩子喂奶的场景，而此时此刻，这样一个幸福的场景却让他产生无法抑制的悲恸。 

5月16日，龚晋加入了广东省第二批医疗救援队，在绵阳周边展开了医疗救援工作，开始以一名医生的身份投入“战斗”，他在现场以更加坚强的声音去鼓励那些伤者:放心，你们要挺住。采写:记者 严艳